Artificial insemination :: essays research papers fc

Artificial insemination is the injection of SEMEN into the vagina by instrumental means. The first artificial inseminations of viviparous (live-bearing) animals were performed by the 18th-century Italian physiologist Lazzaro Spallanzani, who turn out that the male contribution to reproduction resided in the semen, although he did non live spermatozoa as the fertilizing agents. Pioneering work in the artificial insemination of dairy and beef animals was through with(p) in Russia about the time of the Revolutions of 1917. By the 1930s it was being serious throughout Europe and the United States. The principal advantage of artificial insemination over natural breeding is that a single male of superior genic quality can be utilise to impregnate thousands of females, thereby up(a) herds and increasing dairy and meat production. With artificial insemination, dairy farmers need not risk the deterioration of their herds from excessive inbreeding, nor incur the expense of maintainin g their own bulls. In humans, artificial insemination is used to achieve pregnancy when an anatomical impediment prevents lead fertilization. When the male is sterile, semen is collected from an anonymous donor who is known by the physician to have a family history free of genetic disease. The homogeneous precautions are taken when, as in recent years, artificial insemination has been used as a means of providing a child to a bitstock where the woman cannot conceive. In such cases the husbands sperm is used to fertilize a SURROGATE MOTHER, who has volunteered to bear the child, usually for a fee, and to give it up straightaway after its birth. At question are the legal aspects of surrogate motherliness as well as unresolved moral and religious issues. In cases where a woman is unable to conceive as a ensue of defective oviducts, an egg can be removed surgically from her ovary and fertilized "in vitro" in a petri dish under laboratory conditions that simulate the surrou nd inside the oviduct where fertilization normally takes place (see IN VITRO FERTILIZATION). The embryo is then transferred to the womans uterus to develop normally. Zoo workers are in the suffice of refining artificial insemination and in vitro fertilization technologies to help breed a ancient and endangered species, to replace the expensive and not-always-successful practice of shipping animals near for mating purposes. Importing semen will make it easier to mate rare animals from far-flung zoos, keeping a good amount of variety in the gene pool.