Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola Essay Example for Free

Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola Essay Synopsis In the late 1800s, American drug specialists began blending natural product syrups and carbonated soft drink water, causing another sort of refreshments known as soft drink drinks. The most well known brands that began in the business are Coca-Cola, Pepsi-Cola, and Dr. Pepper; yet the large enduring contention is until today between Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola. In 1886, a drug specialist named Dr. John Pemberton made the equation of Coca-Cola and the beverage was sold in at the counter of Jacob’s Pharmacy as a reviving beverage. Pemberton was a section proprietor of the drug store after he left, in the end, Asa Candler turned into the sole proprietor and reserved the options to the beverage. Candler sold the Coca-Cola syrup to drug stores and began a major promoting effort which gave Candler a solid deals power. In 1899 Candler allowed the first packaging establishment, which in the end developed quickly. Ernest Woodruff purchased Coca-Cola in 1919 for 25$ million, Woodruff and his child dealt with making Coke a helpful item that’s accessible all over the place. Woodruff settled on an incredible choice at the hour of the start of World War II; he expressed that each man wearing a uniform ought to get a Coca-Cola bottle for just 5 pennies whatever it costs. This choice caused Coke to have a solid piece of the pie in Asian and European nations; in the late 1950’s, Coca-Cola promoted as â€Å"Americans Preferred Taste†. Woodruff was persuasive in Coke’s vital choices until 1982. A drug specialist named Caleb Bradham concocted the recipe of Pepsi-Cola in 1893 in New Bern, South Carolina in 1893. Pepsi followed a comparative way as Coke in the development, utilizing franchisers to spread their drink. The organization confronted liquidation ordinarily because of the solid preferred position that Coke had over Pepsi-Cola and the frail rivalry between the two organizations around then. In the period following WWII, Coke surpassed Pepsi by a 10 to 1 proportion for each unit; in that period some soda pop makers began entering the market with a major assortment of flavors other than cola flavor. Alfred Steele became Pepsi’s CEO in 1950, he accepted that his organization will assume control over Coke one day, Steele was a previous Coca-Cola advertising official, and he helped Pepsi a great deal because of his wide information about the opponent which is Coca-Cola. With an end goal to raise the company’s deals, Pepsi presented new jug sizes, for example, the 24-oz family bottle. 1955 Steele wedded an entertainer named Joan Crawford and began a major publicizing effort; Alfred Steel’s maxim was â€Å"beat coke† which prompted expanding Pepsi incomes to over 300% between years 1950 and 1959. During that time numerous soda organizations joined the business, yet the thing that matters is that these organizations concentrated on tastes other than colas, for example, 7UP which is a blend of citrus flavors and pop, 7UP was first presented in 1929; the acquaintance of 7UP drove with an expansion in the national piece of the pie. Coca-Cola kept on growing during the 1960s creation Coke accessible universally and in the United States. Coca-Cola began enhancing when it purchased Minute Maid Juice Company; Cola-Cola additionally delivered new items, for example, Sprite. Coca-Cola offered its soda pops either in jars or glass bottles in 1961. During the time during the 1960s and 1970s, Coca-Cola presented distinctive new items, for example, Sprite, Tab, Mr.Pibb, Fresca, and Mellow Yellow. Coca-Cola focused on global markets to spread the beverages, this technique of spreading Coca-Cola universally had developed the organization and made the brand picture a lot more grounded than Pepsi. Donald Kendall, a previous team lead became Pepsi CEO in 1963, under Kendall Pepsi was renamed PepsiCo and begun an irrelevant broadening by opening eateries, for example, Pizza Hut and creating snacks. Pepsi expanded its line of items in 1964 by presenting Diet Pepsi and Mountain Dew; Mountain Dew has a comparative taste to Sprite with was presented by Coca-Cola. Pepsi attempted to keep track with Coke so as to keep the opposition despite the fact that Coca-Cola was more impressive than PepsiCo around then. Pepsi turned out to be increasingly forceful and rivalry hungry in 1970 and 1971 when they utilized experienced showcasing officials. During the 1950s and 1960s the cost of Pepsi was 20% not exactly the cost of Coke, yet wasn’t ready to reach Coke’s quality; with the solid promoting efforts on account of the accomplished administrators that Pepsi enrolled, Pepsi had the option to increase a more grounded piece of the pie without precedent for 1975. In 1974, Pepsi was the third biggest selling soda pop after Coke and Dr. Pepper. Specialists from Pepsi have demonstrated that in a visually impaired test most of shoppers favored Pepsi over Coke. This effective analysis which was called â€Å"The Pepsi Challenge† expanded Pepsi’s piece of the pie and made it the number-two brand. After the incredible achievement that this test brought to Pepsi, Victor Bonomo, leader of Pepsi USA in 1974, concluded that the Pepsi challenge ought to be conveyed I all market where Pepsi is feeble. The spread of the Pepsi challenge prompted an expansion in Pepsi deals by 20% in the greatest urban communities of America. Pepsi propelled the Challenge everywhere throughout the country in 1977, and following 3 years Pepsi brand was generally perceived in the U.S. what's more, gave Pepsi an extra 1.3% piece of the overall industry lead over the adversary Coca-Cola. Coca-Cola reacted to the test by giving enormous limits in specific markets where Coke has an upper hand over Pepsi and by expressing that Coke’s bottlers are claimed by Coca-Cola, however Pepsi bottlers are franchisees. Realizing that Coke and Pepsi is a normalized item, Coca-Cola utilized cost as a market weapon to target Pepsi purchasers. Coke attempted to recover cash lost that was a consequence of the enormous limits that the organization continued presenting, by selling franchisees the concentrate as opposed to the syrup they use in assembling the beverages. Roberto Goizueta became CEO of Coca-Cola in 1980, he presented a 1200-word methodology articulation, and the principle point of this announcement is cost limiting so as to recapture Coke’s position in the market. Coca-Cola started to impact the possession and the executives of the of their diversified bottlers, regardless of being focused on autonomous bottlers, they supplanted bottlers in key markets that were not esteemed adequately forceful in selling their item. The CEO of Coca-Cola USA expressed that the organization had some task to carry out in the reasons the purchasers buy the item by offering in a few cases to build the quantities of their ventures with the possible purchasers. 2) Contribution The â€Å"Coca-Cola Versus Pepsi-Cola† contextual analysis was composed to give the greatest measure of data to business-arranged people, it gave such a great amount of data around two of the most serious organizations since forever; the paper represented the historical backdrop of the two principle soda organizations and furthermore discussed different organizations that entered the business. The incongruity is Pepsi and Coca-Cola were concocted by drug specialists who should recommend medications to individuals and not give them drinks with high measures of sugar and fake tastes, the case clarified how Pepsi and Coke changed people’s perspectives on a refreshment when the organizations designed carbonated soft drink refreshments. The paper clarified in subtleties the colossal cola publicizing war that began during the 1980s between the adversary Coca-Cola and PepsiCo that caused a major upset in the drink business and boosted new organizations to enter the business and produce refreshments with various flavors. The case clarified the situating of the two organizations and demonstrated the distinction in the brand estimation of the organizations. The case was extraordinary additionally in giving the near investigation between the two organizations, giving the various items other than the principle item that was first fabricated by the organizations. The case likewise gave us how the organizations executed various procedures to build incomes and to expand piece of the overall industry and addition the most upper hand. Pepsi versus Coca-Cola SWOT examination Quality: *Pepsi: Very Innovative, the wide arrangement of items, increasingly adaptable establishment organize, forceful promoting system. *Coca-Cola: One of the most significant brands on the planet, biggest piece of the pie in the soda pop industry, and extraordinary client reliability Shortcoming: *Pepsi: Competition with Coke, more significant expenses than Coke, and lower net revenue than Coca-Cola *Coca-Cola: Competition with Pepsi, depends on soda pops, and needs enhancement Openings: *Pepsi: International development and development in the filtered water industry *Coca-Cola: Reduce costs and expanded interest for filtered water Dangers: *Pepsi: Increased showcasing efforts by Coke and limitations to sell in specific nations since Coke has control on them *Coca-Cola: Strong nearby brands in certain nations and negative exposure Michael Porters 5 Forces on Pepsi and Coca-Cola Realizing that Pepsi and Coca-Cola have normalized items, I won’t need to discuss each organization alone. The power of Rivalry between Competitors: Pepsi and Coke are chronicled contenders, during the 1980s; the contention between them was fierce, and the cola war happened at that timeframe to show which companies’ items taste better. Bartering Power of Suppliers: Suppliers have no control over Pepsi or Coca-Cola, it is simple and modest to purchase all the fixings to make soda pops, truth be told, the opposition among Pepsi and Coca-Cola’s providers is extremely solid in light of the incredible and nearness of all the material. As I would see it, Pepsi and Coca-Cola have control over their providers; this encourages them in diminishing their costs a ton. Bartering Power of Buyers: The intensity of purchasers on account of Coca-Cola and Pepsi is high, in light of the fact that the exchanging cost is low or even the equivalent relying upon t

Leadership in organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Administration in associations - Essay Example The previous make a significant commitment to the general public. Administration aptitudes are required in each field independent of the nature. Administration in associations has been a subject of enthusiasm for some specialists and researchers in the course of the only remaining century. There is huge exploration that has gone into finding what characteristics separate the pioneers from the rest and why initiative is essential to an organiztaion. Authoritative initiative is significant for an association. It is these pioneers who represent most of the achievement of the association. Regardless of the exploration that has gone into authoritative administration, there are different inquiries unanswered. This report is an exploration proposition for doing additionally investigate in the recorded of authoritative administration. 1.1 Suitability of Researcher for the Research Leadership has consistently energized the scientist and understanding initiative has transformed into an enthusi asm. The scientist has found out about the subject seriously and has been roused by the different pioneers, for example, Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Winston Churchill, and so forth. The specialist has been astonished by these pioneers capacity to deserve admiration from the devotees and lead them to a superior life. The specialist might want to accept this open door to formally contemplate his/her energy through this examination. The analyst has been following the advancements in the documented before directing a scholarly exploration on the subject. 1.2 Research Question The adequacy and handiness of an exploration basically relies upon the profundity and precision of an examination question. Examination question tends to the extent of the exploration. Exploration question attempts to discover addresses and for new inquiries regarding the examination subject for additional exploration or examination (Lester, 1986). In a deductive methodology the specialist makes a supposition o r hypothesis and afterward attempts to demonstrate their hypothesis with the assistance of the exploration discoveries and information. Then again, in an inductive methodology the scientist utilizes useful discoveries and exploration results to infer a speculation. The examination question should be well-suited and to the point. Examination question must not be excessively elaborative or excessively prohibitive. Too elaborative exploration question would not be exceptionally helpful to drive the point and it would be a greater amount of a clarification than an inquiry. Too prohibitive exploration question probably won't spread the extent of the examination. The exploration question must be planned so that it propels for an answer. Exploration question must not address any immaterial issues and occupy from the center of the subject. Thus, the analyst must casing the examination question with part of care so that it centers around the center issue and forces for an answer. The motivat ion behind this examination is to consider initiative in association and illuminate the theme. The examination will be focused in seeing how initiative has an effect on the association. It tends to the mainstream question of how pioneers and directors are unique. Despite the fact that there has been a ton of discussion over the above inquiry, the scientist expects to acquire another measurement to the discussion. The different styles of authority will be tended to and concentrating further. Scientist is of the view that pioneers have characteristics of business people. A business visionary is unquestionably a pioneer who drives his organization or association to progress and more noteworthy statures. However, what specialist

Essay on American Government and Politics Part 3

Paper on American Government and Politics Part 3 Paper on American Government and Politics Part 3 Paper on American Government and Politics Part 3Continue Part 2Needles is the main section of the book that gives understanding into the early existence of Sonia Sotomayor. The creator portrays her initial life and her environment.At home is the subsequent part, where the creator depicts her home and her relatives in details.Abuelita is the third section, where the creator portrays her adolescence and her companions and reveals her dependence on her companions and significance of cordial relations for her.Gilmars farewells is the fourth part that gives knowledge into relational relations of the creator with her companions and reveals her background.Trips to Puerto Rico is the fifth section, where the creator keeps on uncovering her experience and underscores her Hispanic inception. In this part, the creator reveals the short history of her family and its solid connects to Puerto Rico.Papis demise is the 6th section that uncovers an unfortunate second in the life of the kid, the passi ng of her dad. In any case, Sonia isn't generally disillusioned by this demise since her dad was alcoholic and passed on, when she was simply nine.El luto is the seventh part, where the creator portrays her battle with her first issues and recuperation after the demise of her father.Celinas story is the eighth section, where the creator uncovers the developing job of her grandma, who turned into the primary parental figure for her.Transformation is the ninth section, which passes on the significant change that happened to the storyteller and shows how a young lady has begun to change under the effect of hardships that happened to her life.Diabetes, Nancy Drew, Perry Mason is the tenth part uncovering the principle medical problem that Sonia went up against at the early age. She was determined to have diabetes and needed to figure out how to live with another wellbeing problem.Middle school is the eleventh part, where the creator portrays her center school understanding and her accom plishment in the scholarly turn of events. She depicts her initial enthusiasm to law that decided the decision of her future career.Transition to CSHS, first employment is the twelfth part that shows her initial proficient experience and her first occupation, which turned into a significant commitment to her further proficient development.Quotesâ€Å"One thing has not changed: to question the value of minority understudies accomplishment when they succeed is extremely just to introduce another face of the partiality that would deny them an opportunity to try and attempt. It is a similar preference that demands every one of those bound for progress must be thrown from a similar form as the individuals who have prevailing before them, a view that experience has just demonstrated a fallacy.† (Sotomayor,â 2014, 121)This statement uncovers the experience of the creator as a minority understudy. Simultaneously, this statement might be seen in the more extensive sense since the st atement reveals the minority-lion's share relationship. The creator remains on the ground that the dominant part consistently belittles the potential and accomplishment of delegates of minority gatherings. The connection between the minority and dominant part is in every case muddled , while the creator builds up the possibility of the determinant job of partialities and generalizations which influence their relationship. As indicated by the creator, the effect of partialities and generalizations on the impression of the minority by the dominant part is overpowering. In this way, preferences and generalizations impact arrangements led by the strategy producers, who speak to the larger part essentially. In such a circumstance, delegates of the minority need the sufficient portrayal just as they have to change the current inclinations and generalizations to demonstrate that they are equivalent to agents of the greater part. In such manner, the training and expert improvement of Sotoma yor have uncovered how troublesome it was for her to conquer partialities and predispositions in connection of others to her in view of her Hispanic background. â€Å"Quiet sober mindedness, obviously, does not have the sentiment of vocal militancy. In any case, I felt myself more an arbiter than a crusader. My qualities were thinking, making bargains, finding the great and the great confidence on the two sides of a contention, and utilizing that to fabricate a bridge.† (Sotomayor,â 2014, 154).This statement uncovers the realism and adaptability of the storyteller of the book. Simultaneously, this statement shows how significant are logic and tact in governmental issues and relations between individuals. The capacity to arrange, to bargain and to fabricate a scaffold is significant for the improvement of successful strategies or universal relations. Truth be told, this statement uncovers the powerful method to building spans between the minority and lion's share just as b etween various social gatherings. Dealings, contentions, comprehension of the two sides are pivotal for the improvement of successful relations and approaches that can regard and match interests everything being equal. This model can be applied at the neighborhood, national or global level with equivalent achievement. The creator alludes to her own involvement with creating constructive and fruitful relations with others however this model is more extensive and might be applied to various fields.

Renaissance Choir Finance Management System

I will make a framework for the records of Renaissance Choir. Renaissance Choir are situated in Emsworth and have 29 individuals. They sing at numerous occasions consistently and here and there in Chichester Cathedral. They meet week after week. Articulation of Problem Renaissance Choir require a framework to deal with their accounts. It must be adaptable and simple to utilize, so anybody could go along and use it, without past information. Calendar of Activities Segment Weeks Detail 1.5 Execution 3 Testing 1.5 Assessment 1 Client Documentation 1 Absolute 8 Foundation The present framework depends on two books containing information and yield for the ensemble. All passages are composed into the book by hand, and the books must be conveyed to gatherings when fundamental and this isn't extremely advantageous, and rather moderate. An automated framework would be progressively effective. The framework needs to manage unimportant money, as a consistent sum is typically kept as a buoy or for events where money is required and not a check or other strategy for installment. Diagram As the framework needs to contain segments of information, a spreadsheet would be generally suitable. I would utilize Excel, as I am very much familiar with it and it has numerous valuable highlights that I can use furthering my potential benefit. My framework would be made out of a few sheets-a fundamental sheet with catches to move between sheets, at that point different sheets for information passage, posting the sections and making diagrams and turn table reports. Each sheet would have a catch to interface back to the fundamental menu, and to other applicable sheets. For example the information passage screen would have a catch to present the information into the spreadsheet, which would enact a large scale and move the information. It would likewise have a catch to move to the information posting screen, which would have a catch to connect back. The chart page would have a catch that would make a diagram, and another to clear it. The leave button on the primary screen may clear the diagram just as leaving. Meeting and Research Summary I gave a survey to my end client, who filled it in. This has given me much foundation and other valuable data, that can be utilized to help produce the framework. Volume of Data The framework will be refreshed on a week after week premise, so it must be moderately simple to include, erase and change records, as it will be utilized so as often as possible. Be that as it may, checks should be paid in indiscriminately interims, and the framework should recalculate sums and other formulae after every one of these occasions. It should likewise have the option to adapt to insignificant money, which can vacillate. Issues with the Current System Issues with the present framework are its failure to move information effectively between the two books and the accounting report, the way that it is moderate and somewhat wasteful, due to having two overwhelming books to haul around. Equipment Full Potential To get great execution from the framework, the necessities would be: 200 MHz processor speed 16 MB Ram 16 Bit shading designs or better Programming Full Potential The highlights of Excel that I will use to make the framework are: macros, fastens and controls, formulae, diagrams, turn table reports, visual fundamental, connected exercise manuals and Info and Output The client will enter information consistently. The volume of information entered will rely on what number of occasions were held in that month, as every occasion will likely have contributions to the framework in salary and consumption. Toward the finish of every month and toward the year's end, the information will be summed up and the outline most likely printed. Likewise, the framework will process the arrangements of information to deliver sub-sums and aggregates over various time ranges. Client Skill Level My end client is quite gifted with PCs, as she utilizes them in her work as often as possible. In this manner the framework won't need to clarify fundamental PC capacities or other essential thoughts in the client direct, and the specialized guide can be truly confused. Programming Use I will create the framework, however on the fundamental page I will stow away the gridlines. I may do this on different pages also, so pointless gridlines are not demonstrated in the event that I need gridlines to be appeared, at that point outskirts can be put around required cells where tables are required. Additionally, anything that shouldn't be adjusted (for example necessary framework parts) will be secured to forestall adjustment. There will be macros to do things like moving among sheets and including records. Targets to Perform My end client needs the framework to have the option to: * Hold both pay and use in one spot * Cope with frivolous money that is utilized for glides at occasions and different purposes * Be ready to move information between areas without any problem * Produce diagrams and graphs of the information * Produce rundowns of the information Execution Indicators * Must have the option to open moderately immediately, even on lower spec machines * Must have the option to contain an enormous volume of information while as yet holding a record size underneath 100 kilobytes * It must be generally simple and speedy to enter information or perform different tasks * It must be generally hard to commit errors while entering information (utilizing drop-down records, catches, macros and so on) * It must be anything but difficult to get to explicit areas * It must be secure for example difficult to modify basic framework angles * It must be conceivable to adjust the structure of the database when essential

Understanding Illustrative Writing

Understanding Illustrative WritingIllustrative writing is the art of 'speaking from the heart.' In short, it is the use of a story or illustration to express the writer's personal feelings and views on something. It may be intended to encourage a loved one, persuade an audience, or communicate effectively with those who work in the same field as the writer.Illustrative writing can be used in many contexts. For example, an illustrative story about a family in their annual family reunion can inspire the reader to take part in the reunion experience by volunteering or making a contribution. Similarly, a story about a specific problem in an office or neighborhood can bring a person together with a cause.However, the ability to use illustrations effectively does not mean that the writer will automatically achieve literary excellence. Some examples of poor illustrative writing would include: 'Pictures say more than words can'Put your feelings into pictures.' Those statements can never acco mplish what they want because the problem is that the illustration is simply a picture; it doesn't say anything at all.The examples mentioned are quite common and without exception they are wrong. They are too general and therefore miss the main point. The illustration must be precise because its purpose is to convince the reader to follow the argument that the writer has set forth. In addition, this means that the illustration must be able to speak for itself and its own.Illustrative writing should be strong, fast, direct, and get across the message. However, it should also communicate clearly. Some writers believe that this means a writer should repeat themselves.However, the reverse is true. By using repetition the writer is only confusing the reader rather than making them understand what he/she is trying to convey. This is why a good illustrative story always communicates clearly. If the illustration is intended to persuade a group, then a single example is appropriate to illus trate the point. Conversely, if the illustration is intended to inspire a reader to take part in a collective effort then it is preferable to use many examples. A good example should provide hope and motivation.Finally, readers can easily get confused by lengthy stories and simple explanations. The most effective illustration often comes with a very short story.

How to Buy a College Research Paper Online

How to Buy a College Research Paper OnlineWith the advent of online research, more people are looking to buy a college research paper online. While it is true that it is easier to purchase this type of paper over the phone, in person or by mail, there are still some things you need to consider before you do so. The following is a brief explanation of how you can go about buying a college research paper online. Read on to learn more.Before you even consider purchasing a research paper online, you need to do your research. Go online and search for websites that sell college research papers. Do your research and make sure the website you choose has a reputation for offering high quality research papers. You want to buy a college research paper that is well made and which you know will be delivered promptly. This way you can avoid spending time and money on shipping and handling.Make sure that you understand the return policy that each website has. If they offer a full refund, then you s hould feel confident about buying from them. Of course, if the website has a no-questions-asked return policy, then you should not even bother ordering from them.The next thing you need to do when you are thinking about buying a college research paper online is to find a website that offers it for the price you want to pay. There are many different types of college research papers, so you need to be certain that you are ordering the right type of paper. The price you pay should not be determined by the type of paper you order, but rather what kind of paper you need.For example, if you need a basic research paper on scientific and technological advances in the world of science and technology, then you might want to go with a price that is higher than other websites would charge for their research papers. On the other hand, if you want to buy a well-written, professional, all-around college research paper, then you should probably shop at a lower price. Remember, the price you pay doe s not have to be determined by what you are looking for, but rather by what you need.Once you are satisfied with the paper you are buying, then you should sign up for an account with the website. Signing up for an account is very easy, so it doesn't really take any time at all. Also, by making sure you have an account with the website, you are taking the first step towards purchasing your paper from them. This is an important step because it will allow you to track your paper's progress and ensure that your order is being delivered to you as scheduled.Finally, it is important to remember that once you place your order, you are responsible for receiving your paper. This may seem like a trivial thing, but it is very important. Sometimes when websites run out of stock, they start selling their papers at a discount price. If you haven't received your paper, then you might have to return it to them and pay the return shipping fees.As you can see, there are a few important things to keep in mind when you are thinking about buying a college research paper. While it might not be convenient, it is necessary in order to buy a paper that will be useful and informative.

Obesity Health Problem Essay Sample

Essay Sample: Obesity Health Problem in the USA and Japan Abstract The purpose of this essay is to investigate the problem of obesity in two different nations – American and Japanese. Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by deposition of excess fat in the body. The paper provides historical discourse analysis of the issue of obesity, describes it and determines its main consequences. The main emphasis is laid on comparison of the extent of the problem in the USA and Japan. Suggestions provided in the conclusion part of this paper may be useful in drawing up prevention measures of the obesity problem at the state level. Introduction Far back in the past, ability to store fat was an evolutionary advantage, allowing a person to survive periods of forced starvation. The ingenious invention of the nature, fat, which had protective function in the past, now is the cause of sufferings of millions of people. Obesity is an extremely urgent health problem in many parts of the world. According to WHO, there are more than 1.7 billion people with the excess weight or obesity (Rippe and Angelopoulos, 2012: 5). Population-based epidemiological studies data indicates steadily increasing prevalence of this disease in the past three decades, as well as the probability of preservation of this trend in the near future. Obesity leads to a number of adverse health effects, as well as social, psychological and economic problems, which affect every single person and the society on the whole. Therefore, the problem of obesity in our time is becoming increasingly important and begins to pose a social threat to the life of people. The is sue is relevant to all regardless social and professional affiliation, area of residence, age and gender. The paper will discuss different aspects and severity of the problem of obesity in the USA and Japan.   The History of Obesity Health Problem Vast majority of products that have a high glycemic index were included in a daily diet only in the last few decades. Three of them, which are currently being consumed, were not known at the beginning of the 18th century: sugar, refined premium flour and potato.   Until the 16th century, sugar was extremely rare product, because it was very expensive. Sugar consumption in the 18th century was less than two pounds per person annually (today – 100-110 pounds per person annually). Sugar became a mass consumption product only in 1812, when a new method of producing sugar from beets was discovered and this fact has led to a radical change in the world diet (Gilman, 2008: 23).   Until 1870, when a cylindrical grinder was invented, only very wealthy people could afford well sifted flour, and the rest were content with bread from wheat flour containing a large amount of fiber. The following historical fact suggests the following benefits of such flour: Danish cooks started to bake bread from wheat flour in 1917, which led to a decrease in obesity and mortality by 17% (Gilman, 2008: 29) Potatoes became actively consumed in the 18th century, though they were firstly introduced in North America in the16th century as pet food. This currently popular product surpasses even sugar by the glycemic index. Caloric food has become more accessible in the 19-20 centuries, due to active development of the livestock and the associated consumption of large quantities of high-caloric meat and butter (Gilman, 2008: 50). Achievements of civilization have made high-calorie foods available for general public while reduced the need for physical activity. This contributed to the fact that the number of patients, who are obese, started growing catastrophically in the 20th century. In 1948, obesity was included in the International Classification of Diseases as decease. Today, the cases when the mass of the human body reaches 700, 900 and even 1500 pounds were reported. Problem Description and Its Consequences One of the main reasons leading to development of obesity is energy imbalance, which lies in discrepancy between the number of calories coming from the food and energy expenditure of the body. Obesity is accompanied by metabolic disorders and a whole range of different diseases. The following diseases are likely to develop on the ground of obesity: atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cholelithiasis, reproductive dysfunction, gout, osteoarthritis, some cancers (women - cancer of the endometrium, cervix, ovary, breast; men - prostate cancer and; colorectal cancer in both genders), varicose veins and hemorrhoids (Bagchi and Preuss, 2012: 41, 44, 45).   Socio-economic significance of the problem of obesity is determined by the threat of disability of patients of young working age and reduction of overall survival in relation to frequent development of severe comorbidities.   Excessive body weight or obesity entails economic consequences. In the past decade, numerous studies have attempted to assess economic consequences of obesity. Most of these studies focused on medical costs associated with obesity (direct costs), while some studies have examined the costs associated with the lost productivity (indirect costs) (Acs and Stanton, 2010: 87). There is much less scientific data on the individual costs of obese people and their families, such as the costs of providing home care, special clothing or weight loss products.   According to a research conducted by the WHO, the direct costs of medical care for obesity amount to 2-4% of the total national health expenditure (Acs and Stanton, 2010: 103). Sturm (2002), Finkelsteinetal (2005) and Thorpe et al. (2004), have found that the health care costs of obese people are about 35% higher mainly because of the high cost of treatment and associated costs (Acs and Stanton, 2010: 105).   An alternative approach for assessing medical expenses for treatment of obesity involves the use of personal data. Quesenberry et al. (1998), based on the data of typical health care organizations, has estimated the cost of treating obesity at $92 per person for the USA. Individual data was also used to assess the health care costs in Japan. Japanese research results are very interesting because the prevalence of obesity in Japan is relatively low, but treatment costs associated with obesity are close to the average costs in other countries (Acs and Stanton, 2010: 115). Indirect costs associated with obesity are related to loss of productivity as a result of absence from work due to illness. Estimates of such losses indicate that these costs could be twice as high as the direct costs of medical care. A number of one being absent from work   and approximate value of these working days were estimated in both types of studies. The most important result is that obese people have a higher risk to be absent from work than people with normal body weight.   Obesity in the USA Body mass index (BMI) at 30 points or higher is considered to be the indicator of obesity. Today, according to statistics, BMI in the United States is 28% for men and 34% for women, that means that one person out of three suffers from obesity (Crawford, 2010: 19). The first studies that demonstrated such deplorable results were conducted in the 1960s. One of the employees of the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, Catherine Flegal, had noticed that 24.3% of adults are overweight. By the early 1980s, this figure exceeded 30%. However, these changes remained unnoticed. Sales of XXXL clothing size were growing up and the obesity epidemic started to capture the United States. It is recorded that between 1970 and 2000, the U.S. residents began to consume up to 162% more cheese, 109% more lemonade, 102% more poultry, 18% more alcohol, etc.   The first who started to pay attention to the issue of obesity were the armed forces. In 2006, 40% of young men and 25% of young women did not meet the military standards due to being overweight and could not be in the service. The changes affected all spheres of public life: from the size of hospital wheelchairs and the width of doors in supermarkets to funeral parlors. New models of coffins, capable of bearing the weight up to 1000 lb were constructed. It is also worth mentioning that airlines bore losses in terms of   $ 250 million spent on fuel equivalence annually.   Currently, the average American weighs 30 pounds more than it was in the late 80s. The largest number of people suffering from obesity lives in the state of Mississippi (30% of the adult population), quite a bit behind is West Virginia (29.8%) and Alabama (29.4%). In addition, the state of Mississippi is a home to the largest number of obese children and teenagers - 44.4%. The state of Colorado takes the first place in reverse ranking, where the ratio of obese patients is only 17.6%. It should be noted that these states are also at the top of the list by the percentage of the poor population and the number of â€Å"McDonalds† fast food restaurants. Therefore, the conclusion naturally arises: obesity is a disease of the poor not the rich. The reasons of obesity health problems in the U.S. are as follows: 1. Incorrect work and life balance. The United States ranks the 28th among the developed countries in terms of the balance of work and life. (Cummins, 2012: 89). Increasingly stringent working conditions in addition to everyday stress and overwork leave no chance to the U.S. citizens in terms of leading healthy life.   2. Lack of sleep. Working conditions 40-50 years ago were far from perfect, but still they were much better than at those of the present time. In the 21st century, the U.S. citizens work more but get paid less and their sleep became shorter as compared to the middle of 20th century. American researchers have found a correlation between increased appetite and lack of sleep, since lack of sleep provokes a craving for snacks (Easton, 2004). (Easton, 2004). 3. Ongoing stress. Uncertainty of keeping a job and high level of unemployment make the life for   the USA citizens more and more tough. The studies show a strong connection between stress and obesity. Stress contributes to weight gain, even if the person refrains from overeating. Additionally, stress has not only short-term effects, but also can cause long-term metabolic alterations, facilitating weight gain and impeding weight loss (Melhorn et al, 2010). 4. Inability to purchase healthy food. Very often, frozen corn products and semi-finished products are more affordable in terms of price than fresh and healthy food. Economic crisis entailed many negative moments such as mass dismissals, corporative downsizings, etc., which, in turn, resulted in decline of population’s purchasing power. It is very difficult to eat healthy food with a small budget, especially when there is no difficulty to get unhealthy convenience foods. Urgent need to solve the problem of obesity forced both representatives of healthcare sector and members of the Congress to come out with projects aimed at changing the attitude of Americans to diet and lifestyle. Some corporations completely prohibit fast food in their buildings. Other companies decided to pay workers, which lose extra pounds, a premium of $500 per year. Board of Health Insurance in the Alabama decided to fine officials on the $25 a month if they will not start to lose weight. Other states create special military training camps for those willing to lose weight.   Obesity in Japan Body mass index in Japan is 3% for men and 3% for women respectively. According to statistics, Japanese live longer than any other nation and are the healthiest nation on the planet. Typical elderly Japanese man preserves good health and lives up to 75 years (Senauer and Gemma, 2012).     Experts explain it by various factors, including strong spiritual and social traditions as well as lifestyle. Many experts agree that the main difference of Japanese lifestyle is the diet. Apparently, Japanese diet is the healthiest in the world. The basis of the diet is mainly composed of fruits, whole grains, legumes and soy products. Japanese cuisine contains 26% of fat, while the U.S. cuisine – 34% (Senauer and Gemma, 2012).   Hence, Japanese dishes have less sugar and calories. Additionally, Japanese get large doses of â€Å"good fat†, such as omega-3. Consumption of processed and refined foods per capita is less in Japan as compared to the USA. Generally, the total number of calories in Japanese food is much lower than in any developed country.   Therefore, Japan encounters little risk of becoming a country with obese population. However, Japan is the first country in the world, which introduced rigid legislative norms to solve the problem of obesity. The law, intended to struggle with obesity, entered into force in 2009. This law requires all companies and local authorities to measure waist size of the entire population aged 40 to 74 years each year - that is 56 million of Japanese (Jayarajan, 2011). The law determines the maximum allowed waist size - 33 inches for women and 34 inches for men respectively. These figures are taken from the recommendations of the International Diabetes Federation, which considers measurement of the waist to be the simplest diagnostic method that allows evaluating the risk of disease. Those with a waist wider than the prescribed norms are required to be re-measured after three month of the first measurement. If improvement has not occurred during this time, citizens that did not meet the state standard recommendation will be recommendation to keep to a diet. If improvement has not occurred during the next six month, such citizens will get the referral to special courses of proper nutrition (Jayarajan, 2011). Japanese government had also introduced penalties for companies that do not achieve the state strategic objectives - to reduce the number of overweight citizens by 10% over three years and by 25% over seven years (Jayarajan, 2011). Conclusion Comparison of obesity health problem in the USA and Japan shows substantial difference between the two countries. Obesity in the United States has become a national problem, while Japanese have no difficulties with the overweight.   More and more larger portions of fast food products, their cheapness and availability for all classes of the population contribute to American mass obesity. The average American person is not informed on the amount of food he/she needs to eat to stay healthy or how many calories he or she has consumed. Instead, such person relies on external clues like the size of the portions, in order to know when he or she should stop eating.   Implementation of measures in the field of public health is often hampered by a mismatch between the scale and importance of the public health problems and lack of evidence of potential interventions in the problem. This is the current state of affairs with the problem of obesity prevention. The growing interest in the problem of obesity in the media over the last five years has led to government interference in this problem in Japan.   Choosing the means of prevention of obesity requires evaluation of evidence and taking into account the contextual factors leading to obesity. At the same time, the process of engaging stakeholders, who give priority to solving problems rather than studying them, should be implemented worldwide. Such approach makes it possible to create a portfolio of priority actions for prevention of obesity, which are evidence-based and closely linked to the contextual situation involving the parties concerned. At the strategic level, governments should assess the value of these measures in terms of efficiency. At the local level, they can be chosen as an investment in health. Measures for prevention of overweight and obesity can lead to short-term savings in health care and potentially greater savings resulting from a general increase in economic productivity. Prevention of obesity can delay the onset of illness or change its nature, but does not eliminate the risk of the disease entirely. Programs for prevention of obesity would certainly lead to both short-term and long-term gains in terms of economic productivity. Do you need  help in writing nursing papers? You are in the right place. Blog tags:Obesity